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118 IUS ET VERITAS 63
Jorge Rodríguez Rodríguez
Revista IUS ET VERITAS Nº 63, diciembre 2021 / ISSN 1995-2929 (impreso) / ISSN 2411-8834 (en línea)
En cuanto al segundo (artículo 31.1.d del Estatuto), la
defensa planteó que Ongwen “was under a continuing threat
of imminent death and serious bodily harm from Kony and his
controlling, military apparatus” (ICC, ICC-02/04-01/15, 4 de
febrero de 2021, párr. 2586)(24). No obstante, la CPI tampoco
consideró aplicable este eximente debido, entre otras razones,
a la posibilidad que el acusado tenía de poder escapar del
grupo(25) y a la potestad que ostentaba, en virtud de su posición,
de poder tomar sus propias decisiones de forma unilateral.
Es decir, según el tribunal, debido al alto rango que ocupaba
Ongwen en el LRA(26), no siempre obedecía las órdenes de
Joseph Kony, pues su relación no se correspondía con una
situación de dominación de este sobre aquel o de amenaza
de muerte inminente (ICC, ICC-02/04-01/15, 4 de febrero de
2021, párrs. 2593-2597). En denitiva:
The Chamber nds that Dominic Ongwen was not in a situation of
complete subordination vis-à-vis Joseph Kony, but frequently acted
independently and even contested orders received from Joseph
Kony. The evidence indicates that in the period of the charges,
Dominic Ongwen did not face any prospective punishment by death
or serious bodily harm when he disobeyed Joseph Kony (ICC,
ICC-02/04-01/15, 4 de febrero de 2021, párr. 2668).
De todo lo anterior se desprende que la CPI no entendió,
en este caso concreto, que la experiencia vivida por Dominic
Ongwen entrara dentro de las causas de exención de la
responsabilidad penal.
Pasando a su consideración como atenuante, la cual fue
objeto de discusión en la sentencia de determinación de la
pena de 6 de mayo de 2021, es necesario precisar que la
CPI entendió que “the fact of having been (or being) a victim
of a crime in any case does not constitute, in and of itself, a
justication of any sort for the commission of similar or other
crimes” (ICC, ICC-02/04-01/15, 6 de mayo de 2021, párr. 69).
No obstante, la CPI sí consideró que su historia personal podría
tener inuencia a la hora de determinar la pena (ICC, ICC-
02/04-01/15, 6 de mayo de 2021, párr. 70). Hablamos de una
persona nacida en 1978 y que fue reclutada por el LR A en 1987.
A este respecto, la CPI armó que:
(I)t is evident to the Chamber that Dominic Ongwen’s abduction
at the age of around nine years and subsequent early years in
the LRA brought to him great suering, and led to him missing
out on many opportunities which he deserved as a child. In this
regard, the Chamber notes, (…) that at a peace
negotiation meeting at Palabek around 2004
Dominic Ongwen threatened to kill people,
repeatedly stating that his education had been
interrupted. It is clear that Dominic Ongwen
suered following his abduction into the LRA,
even though – as found in the Trial Judgment
– this trauma did not lead to a mental disease
or disorder and had no lasting consequences
from that viewpoint. (…) Dominic Ongwen’s
personal history and circumstances of his
upbringing, since his young age, in the LRA
– in particular his abduction as a child, the
interruption of his education, the killing of his
parents, his socialisation in the extremely violent
environment of the LRA – must be given a
certain weight in the determination of the length
of each individual sentence (ICC, ICC-02/04-
01/15, 6 de mayo de 2021, párrs. 83 y 87).
Más allá de que los antecedentes de
Dominic Ongwen sirvieran como atenuante
para los crímenes imputados, concretamente
en un tercio del total, la CPI consideró que,
para el caso concreto de determinar la pena
por los actos de reclutamiento al LRA de
menores de 15 años, la experiencia del
acusado, al haberla vivido él mismo y ser, por
tanto, consciente del sufrimiento que causa,
se convierte en agravante:
The Chamber recalls that Dominic Ongwen
himself had in the past been a victim of the
same crime, having been abducted as a child
and integrated as a ghter into the LRA ranks.
He himself described the great suering of
the children abducted by the LRA, when
providing an account of his own experience – an
experience which the Chamber, as explained,
has in fact acknowledged and signicantly
taken into account as a relevant mitigating
circumstance for the purpose of the entirety
of this decision and all the 61 crimes that he
committed. At the same time, in discussing
specically the crime under Counts 69 and 70,
it cannot go unnoticed that Dominic Ongwen,
despite well aware of such suering which he
himself had been subjected to several years
(24) Concretamente, la defensa planteaba para sustentar esta eximente que: “the threat which caused Dominic Ongwen to engage in
the conduct underlying the charged crimes originated in Joseph Kony’s control of the LRA, which Joseph Kony allegedly maintained
through a combination of strict disciplinary rules which severely punished non-compliance with orders, the tight supervision of
commanders, and successful assertion of spiritual Powers” (ICC, ICC-02/04-01/15, 4 de febrero de 2021, párr. 2586).
(25) La CPI arguyó que: “There is also overwhelming evidence that during the period relevant to the charges, persons of relatively high
rank and position in the LRA successfully escaped, including some proximate to Dominic Ongwen” (ICC, ICC-02/04-01/15, 4 de
febrero de 2021, párr. 2621).
(26) Se argumentó que la posición de Dominic Ongwen como niño soldado dentro del LRA no era objeto de discusión en el presente
caso, sino sus acciones una vez cumplió la mayoría de edad y contaba con rango suciente para tomar decisiones que son las que
se estaban juzgando (ICC, ICC-02/04-01/15, 4 de febrero de 2021, párr. 2592).