Ethical Standards

Pensamiento Constitucional adheres to Derecho PUCP Ethical Standards (https://revistas.pucp.edu.pe/documentos/derechopucp/normas_eticas.pdf), which we reproduce below:

I. OBJECTIVE
The journal, committed to fostering a climate and culture of integrity in the academic setting, recognizes that the excellence that every academic research journal seeks to achieve and guarantee by publishing original and unpublished articles, is incompatible with practices that undermine the ethics of publication.

Taking this into consideration, it establishes the following minimum ethical standards that every individual associated with the journal must comply with, mainly the journal staff, authors, and reviewers.

These standards are framed within the area of research ethics and integrity, but not within the area of intellectual property law, which is governed by its own rules, which may differ from those that the journal team considers important or that may constitute an ethical violation.

II. GENERAL DUTIES
People associated with the journal must comply with various general duties, which are explained below.

II.1. Accountability
Every individual associated with the journal must act in accordance with these ethical standards and other required professional standards, being accountable for the consequences of their noncompliance.

II.2. Honesty
Individuals associated with the journal must act in good faith; that is, motivated by the advancement of knowledge with integrity.

II.3. Rigor
Every individual associated with the journal must perform their work with professionalism, accuracy, and precision to ensure the generation of reliable knowledge, which will safeguard the trust placed by society in the academic area.

II.4. Impartiality
People associated with the journal must ensure that their actions are based on strictly academic and objective criteria.

II.5. Transparency
Individuals associated with the journal should communicate all information that safeguards the trust of the academic community in the publication. Any kind of conflict of interest, whether existing or potential, shall be adequately disclosed.

II.6. Respect
Individuals associated with the journal should maintain an atmosphere of mutual respect throughout the editorial process.

II.7. Confidentiality
The data, documents or, in general, the information received by any person associated with the journal must be used strictly for thepurposes expressed in the editorial process, with the express consent of the issuer. Likewise, all information will be confidential and its nondisclosure must be ensured, except when it is treated in aggregate form, in statistics or bibliometric studies, in harmony with the journal's transparency obligations.

III. USE OF TEXT COMPARISON SOFTWARE
The journal uses a text comparison software, as established in its editorial process, called Turnitin. Additionally, it performs complementary research in order to achieve the greatest possible certainty regarding the integrity of the articles submitted.

IV. VIOLATION OF PUBLICATION ETHICS
Violations that are considered ethically reprehensible by the journal are explained below.

IV.1. Violations Related to the Author
Any person who submits an article of his or her authorship must avoid incurring in the following violations, without prejudice to others derived from his or her own professional standards. 

IV.1.1. Multiple submissions
An individual submitting an article to the journal should not have committed a version of the same article to another platform, whether virtual or physical, nor should they do so until it has been effectively published or until they receive the editorial notification of nonpublication.

This violation applies not only to identical versions, but also to extended or partial versions of the article, whether through the use of textual or paraphrased parts or translations that are intended to be presented as original articles, unless there are proven language barriers.

IV.1.2. Arbitrary article withdrawal
The author who arbitrarily withdraws an article from the journal, once the editorial process has begun, will incur in this violation.

IV.1.3. Disregard for the right of first publication
This violation is committed when the author of an article published in the journal does not acknowledge the right of first publication in subsequent republications. This acknowledgment must be clear and complete, including extended or partial versions of the published article that use significant textual or paraphrased parts of it, either in its original language or in a different one.

IV.1.4. Misuse of the journal’s name
This violation occurs when the individuals submitting articles to the journal present them as actually published, “in press” or, in general, indicate that these will necessarily be published in the journal.

The name of our journal may only be publicly included in those articles that have reached the editorial decision of publication, within the framework of the editorial process.

IV.1.5. Omission of background information
To not incur in this violation, the author must inform about the relevant background of the article he or she is submitting; e.g., if the article was in a prepublication repository, if it was disclosed in a conference or presentation, if it obtained funding from a certain entity, if it is the product of a research project or professional relationship, etc.

IV.1.6. Invention of data in the article
This violation penalizes those who include false information in a submitted article, such as funding, institutional affiliations, academic degrees, or others.

IV.1.7. Failure to declare conflict of interest
Actual or potential conflicts of interest, direct or indirect, financial or otherwise, that may call into question the impartiality of the content of the article must be declared in a timely, honest, and clear manner by the authors who wish to submit an article. This obligation includes funding received to prepare the article submitted to the journal.

IV.1.8. Use of offenses 
Offenses in an article are considered non-academic elements and, therefore, are not compatible with the impartial and respectful treatment expected from the authors.

This violation also applies to the treatment and communications of authors with other persons associated with the journal.

IV.1.9. Affecting the rights of third parties
This ethical violation occurs when an article—or parts of it—has been prepared on the basis of a violation of professional secrecy, copyrightlaws, or rights related to the handling of personal information, or when it affects, in general, the rights of third parties.

IV.1.10. Violation of duties regarding research involving human subjects
The author will incur in this ethical violation if he or she submits an article based on research involving human subjects, without complying with the provisions set forth in the Declaration of Helsinki, especially with regard to the informed consent.

IV.1.11. Violations regarding the authorship of the article
The journal recognizes as authors those who have made a substantial contribution to the creation of the article, whether in its conception, design, research, or writing. Therefore, the following cases are considered as violations:

IV.1.11.1. Ghost authorship
It consists of excluding the person who, according to the definition of authorship, should appear in the article in that position. This violation will be incurred into even when the person who was the material author is mentioned in a credit or acknowledgement note.

IV.1.11.2. Gift authorship
It consists of including those who, according to the definition of authorship, should not appear in the article as such, regardless of the reason for their inclusion.

IV.1.11.3. Purchase of authorship
It occurs when a person or institution hires, directly or indirectly, a third party to prepare an article in which the contracting party or third parties are added as authors. This violation occurs even if the contracting parties or beneficiaries qualify as authors.

IV.1.11.4. Invented author
It consists of including as author a person who does not exist, either in the belief that this will generate a bias in favor of the submission or for another ethically reprehensible reason. Likewise, this violation occurs by including a third party who exists but has not given his or her consent and has not worked in the preparation of the article.

IV.1.11.5. Omission of co-authors’ consent
This ethical violation occurs when a submitted article does not have the consent of any of its co-authors. Such consent must be given not only with respect to the first version submitted to the journal, but also with respect to the successive modifications that the article may undergo during the editorial process.

IV.1.11.A. Authorship dispute
Persons who consider that they should be included as authors in an article submitted or published in the journal have the obligation to demand such recognition from those who hold the authorship. If there is no response or reasonable justification from them, they should inform the journal team so that the conflict can be resolved.

Moreover, if an author must be changed or withdrawn in order to resolve the dispute, regardless of whether or not the article has been published, the relevant flow charts of the Committee on Publication Ethics (COPE, in Spanish) will be followed.

On the other hand, if the dispute is channeled through the state channel, the journal will abide by the decision of the competent copyright authority without prejudice to the previous decisions taken by the journal regarding the conflict, which will be harmonized with the state decision, once it is issued.

IV.1.11.B. Authorship dispute regarding the order of appearance of authors
Disputes concerning the order of appearance of authors should be settled by the individuals listed as such. The journal team should be consulted as a final resort, and they will resolve the conflict according to the level of contribution in the preparation of the article made by each author. In this sense, placing authors who have contributed to a lesser degree to the preparation of the article in a preeminent order will be considered an ethical violation.

IV.1.11.C. Change of authorship
If the people responsible for a submitted article require a change to the authorship of the article, this must be strictly justified in accordance with the journal’s definition of authorship. The latter because the request for a change of authorship of a submitted article implies a sufficient indication to investigate the potential for a violation regarding authorship. In these cases, the editorial team will act according to the pertinent COPE flow charts.

IV.1.12. Omission of collaborative assistance
The people responsible for the authorship of an article have the duty to inform the journal if it had any collaborative assistance (students, workers, translators, colleagues, or others), which must be acknowledged. If this is omitted, an ethics violation will be incurred.

IV.1.13. Untidy citation
An untidy citation occurs when an article submitted to the journal shows an insufficient use of the citation system used by the publication, a clear lack of verification of the information in the citations, and a deficient construction of the bibliography at the end of the article, when analyzed as a whole. This analysis includes the use of secondary and tertiary citations as well as the omission of information and the erroneous attribution of a piece of work to a specific author, among other situations that contribute to the insufficient construction of citations in the article.

IV.1.14. Selective citation
When the citations made in the submitted article are selected on the basis of non-academic criteria, such as receiving a consideration or raising the bibliometric indicators of a certain institution or journal, an ethical violation will be incurred.

IV.1.15. Cross-citation
When an author cites certain authors, who assumed or will assume the commitment to cite him or her by means of a previous or subsequent agreement, an ethical violation will be incurred.

Therefore, articles should only cite sources that have been legitimately used in their preparation.

IV.1.16. Excessive self-citation
When the individual responsible for the authorship of an article includes excessive citations from sources of his or her own authorship, he or she will be ethically reprehended by the journal. In addition, the pertinence of such citations will be assessed, considering whether they contribute critically to the development of the work and are justified, e. g., when it is an underdeveloped line of research, except for the author’s own works.

For the journal, it will only be acceptable for an author to textually cite him or herself, in a due, necessary, and proportional manner, up to a maximum of 10% of the article.

IV.1.17. Duplicity of publication
When an author reuses the content of his or her previous, already published, or in-press pieces or work, regardless of the platform, in an article submitted to the journal, without duly consigning the citations, he or she incurs in duplicity of publication. This ethical violation can be configured under the following modalities:

IV.1.17.1. Textual duplicity of publication
This occurs when textual parts of the author’s previous works are reused in a new article, but without the corresponding citation.

IV.1.17.2. Duplicity via paraphrasing of the publication
It occurs when parts of the author’s previous works are reused in a new article through the use of paraphrasing, but without proper citation.

IV.1.17.3. Duplicity via improper paraphrasing of the publication
This occurs when parts of the author’s previous works are reused in a new article, quoting such sources under the appearance of a paraphrase only for having altered some words, the order of ideas, or following the structure of the arguments, among other elusive forms, when they should have been cited verbatim.

IV.1.17.4. Duplicity due to translation of publication
The violation of duplicity of publication, in its three previous modalities, also occurs when reusing translated parts of previous works without properly citing them. This violation does not apply in the case of a language barrier.

IV.1.17.5. Duplicity of supervening publication
It occurs when parts of works that have been, are, or will be submitted to other journals, are used without the corresponding citations. If our journal first accepts to publish the article, the violation of non-recognition of the right of first publication can also be incurred, without prejudice to other violations.

IV.1.17.6. Duplicity of publication in case of conferences, published presentations, or theses
In the case of conferences or presentations published in conference proceedings or similar publications, in order not to incur in the violation of duplicity of publication, the individuals submitting an article to the journal must indicate in a footnote such background, in addition to adding substantially new content to the article, adapting it to the format of an academic research article. In this sense, if the content of the article submitted duplicates a previous work (thesis, conferences, presentations, papers, reports for obtaining degrees, graduate work, etc.), it is prohibited to submit such article.

IV.1.17.7. Duplicity of publication of co-authors
In the case of articles developed in co-authorship, duplicity of publication may be configured by works signed by all the persons responsible for authorship or by part of them. This violation may occur in the different modalities described in the previous sections.

IV.1.17.A. Exception to the violation of duplicity of publication
Articles submitted that have been published in pre-publication repositories, whether institutional or personal, will not be considered as duplicate publications, provided that the applicant submitting the article explains that it is a draft.

IV.1.18. Fractional publication
This ethical violation occurs when an article is divided into several parts to be published as independent articles in different publications.

IV.1.19. Recycled publication
This occurs when an author proposes an article on a subject that was dealt with in a previous uncited work and, in order to conceal the lack of originality of the content, introduces superficial variations.

IV.1.20. Collusion in multiple publication
It occurs when those who have participated in a single research agree to publish identical, similar, or duplicate articles, signing separately in order to unduly increase their number of publications. Thus, if the journal publishes an article and identifies that substantive elements of it were also published by another author, it will make the corresponding inquiries to identify the occurrence of this violation.

IV.1.21. Plagiarism
When an author presents as his or her own the totality or some original elements contained in any intellectual work produced by another person, group of persons, or institution, whether identified or not, contained in any platform, or original ideas transmitted in a certain space, he or she will incur in plagiarism.

The content of web pages, journalistic news, methods, data, jurisprudence, resolutions, and legal norms, among other sources, may be plagiarized. For this reason, it is essential that the authors properly cite all kinds of works in the body of the text, in addition to including them in the bibliography.
Plagiarism occur under the following modalities:

IV.1.21.1. Textual plagiarism
It occurs when plagiarism involves the total or partial copying of a piece of work not attributable to the author without properly citing it with quotation marks or indentation, as required, in the submitted article.

IV.1.21.2. Plagiarism by paraphrasing
It occurs when the plagiarism involves the paraphrasing of a work not attributable to the author without properly citing it in the submitted article.

IV.1.21.3. Plagiarism of paraphrasing
It occurs when a paraphrase of another's work is plagiarized without mentioning its author. This violation occurs even if the sources of the paraphrase are duly indicated at the end of the text.

IV.1.21.4. Plagiarism by improper paraphrasing
It occurs when by paraphrasing what is expressed in another person's work, only some words or the order of ideas are altered or the structure of the arguments is followed, among other elusive forms, even when the author of the original source is cited. These assumptions constitute an ethical violation, since it appears that the paraphrasing responds to an own creation of the author of the article, when materially it corresponds to a literal quotation that required the use of quotation marks or indentation, as appropriate.

IV.1.21.5. Plagiarism of quotations
It occurs when the author copies textual quotations or paraphrases made in another work, which, analyzed as a whole, show that they have been taken from that work.

IV.1.21.6. Plagiarism of structure
This occurs when the submitted article is very similar, in terms of outline and wording, to the work of a third party.

IV.1.21.7. Plagiarism by hybridization
It occurs when the plagiarism involves quotations from different works, conjugating them in the same sentence or paragraph without mentioning the authors. This violation may even occur if in these sentences or paragraphs some of the works used are duly cited in order to disguise the violation.

IV.1.21.8. Plagiarism of ideas
The plagiarism of ideas may occur if the person responsible for the article’s authorship takes up and includes in the text original ideas transmitted by a third party, without duly attributing authorship to him or her. In this type of case, the person affected or, in general, the complainant must prove that his or her idea inspired the drafting of some part of the article in question.

IV.1.21.9. Plagiarism of illustrations, charts, or graphs
Any illustration, table or graphic must indicate its source in an appropriate manner; otherwise, it will be considered plagiarism. In the case of self-made charts and graphs, their content, if from another source, will not be exempted from the citation rules.

IV.1.21.10. Plagiarism of unpublished or similar works
The obligation to duly cite extends to works that have not been published, communications via e-mail, or other cases. Consequently, it is considered plagiarism not to include such sources, which also require the express, clear, and prior consent of their authors to be used.

IV.1.21.11. Plagiarism by translation
The types of plagiarism described above can also occur when works of others are translated for use in the article, without having cited them adequately.

IV.1.22. Unfair use of sources
When what is expressed in any kind of work or the information collected is misrepresented, decontextualized, maliciously manipulated, or treated in a non-objective manner, even when it is incorrectly or inadequately synthesized for the purpose of using it in the article, an ethical violation is incurred. This also applies in cases inwhich statistical or other similar methods are erroneously used.

IV.1.23. Fabrication of sources
When pieces of work, data, or similar are invented for the purpose of using them in the article, an ethical violation is incurred. 

Fabrication includes providing information that is not cited or is not derived from an existing work. Another modality of this violation is configured when mentioning the name of a real author, but without providing the location of the source, making it difficult to detect its non-existence.

IV.1.24. Use of false sources
When works, data, or other similar sources without academic validity, either because of their verifiable falsity or because they come from sources of doubtful reliability are used, with the aim of justifying some point of the article, this ethical violation is incurred. In this sense, it is essential to remember that academic activity demands a rigorous verification of sources in order to avoid circulating information that distorts the search for and advancement of
knowledge.

IV.1.25. Use of sources not consulted
This occurs when works that have not been consulted are used with the purpose of appearing to have carried out a rigorous bibliographic research. This violation includes cases in which only a fragment of the article was consulted, for example, the abstract, and may also incur in the violation of unfair use of sources. In such cases, the untidiness in citation and the contrast between the content of the submitted article and that of the source not consulted will be indications for assessing the commission of this ethical misconduct.

IV.1.26. Omission of undesired sources
This occurs when works, data, or any other kind of information that must necessarily be included, is deliberately omitted, because it contradicts or does not contribute to the author's perspective, or for some other ethically reprehensible reason, giving the appearance of unanimity on some position or detailed topic.

IV.1.27. Piracy of illustrations
This ethical violation occurs when illustrations are included without the pertinent permissions to reproduce them.

IV.1.28. Manipulation of illustrations, charts, or graphs
This ethical violation occurs when illustrations, tables, or graphs are manipulated in order to hide, eliminate, or add any element. Thus, adjustments may only be made to illustrations, tables, or graphs as long as their integrity is preserved and copyright is not affected.

IV.1.29. Obstruction of collaboration
The authors undertake to provide all the information necessary to determine whether or not an ethical violation has occurred. In this sense, obstructing the investigation or retaliating against whistleblowers will be considered a violation of these standards.

Furthermore, the evasion and avoidance of responsibilities, such as, for example, the improper withdrawal of the article in the midst of a credible suspicion of ethical violation, is also considered an act of obstruction.

IV.2. Violations Related to the Journal Members
Journal members may incur the following violations:

IV.2.1. Undue request for citations
If any member of the journal, directly or indirectly, requires prospective authors to include certain sources for non-academic reasons, such as obtaining an improper leverage, among others, he or she will incur an ethical violation.

IV.2.2. Omission of conflict of interest
Journal members must declare conflicts of interest, real or potential, direct or indirect, financial or otherwise, that may influence their actions or decisions, in a timely, honest, and clear manner.

IV.2.3. Handling of documents and information
No member of the journal should manipulate, conceal, or eliminate the articles submitted, the preliminary observations or peer review reports issued, the opinions received from the referees, the editorial decisions or communications, whether to favor or harm someone, affect the copyrights, or for any other ethically reprehensible reason.

The preparation of the peer review report based on the opinions of the referees will not be considered as manipulation of documents.

Nor is it an violation to erase the traces of the authors of the articles in order to protect the peer review process under the double-blind system.

IV.2.4. Breach of confidentiality
If any member of the journal violates his or her confidentiality obligation by disclosing personal information or the content of an article, peer review report, opinion, communication or other confidential information to individuals, institutions outside the journal, or to the general public, without the prior, free, informed, and written consent of those who may be affected, this will constitute an ethical violation.

The communication of the title and summary of the submitted article to potential referees, the sending of the anonymized article to the referees, and the corresponding communications when confirming an ethical violation are exempted from this rule.

IV.2.5. Infringing the journal's editorial guidelines
It is an ethical violation for members of the journal not to comply strictly with the editorial guidelines of the journal.

IV.2.6. Collusion
When a member of the journal colludes with authors, referees, or among themselves, with the purpose of falsifying or simulating the editorial process, an ethical violation is incurred. For this violation to occur, the offender need not obtain a benefit, nor an advantage or prejudice be generated in his or her favor or in favor of third parties.

IV.2.7. Offensive treatment
This ethical violation will occur when any member of the journal treats a person associated with the journal, or, in general, those who are part of the academic community, in an offensive manner.

IV.2.8. Concealment of ethical violations
This ethical violation will occur if any journal member conceals or omits to report any ethical violation committed by an author, another journal member, a referee, or a sponsoring institution.

IV.2.9. Obstruction of collaboration
Journal members undertake to provide all information necessary to determine whether or not an ethical violation has occurred. In this sense, obstructing such inquiries or retaliating against whistleblowers will be considered a violation of these standards. Additionally, any form of evasion or avoidance of responsibility, such as hiding or eliminating information from the journal, is also considered an act of obstruction.

IV.3. Violations Related to Referees
Referees who agree to evaluate a journal article must not incur the following violations:

IV.3.1. Improper evaluation
An ethical violation will occur when the referee issues a dishonest, inaccurate, arbitrary, discriminatory, or contradictory opinion that reveals a lack of thoroughness in its preparation or hides the omission of its work with the argument that the article evaluated does not present any problem, or through the use of generalities, among other related situations. Similarly, the referee should not propose changes or reject an article with the purpose of favoring a personal position or that of an individual related to him or her.

The peer review template submitted by the journal must be completed in a comprehensive, rigorous, impartial, and honest manner by the referees. Additionally, the observations to the article must be formulated based on clear, reasoned, constructive, and strictly academic arguments, keeping the level of respect expected in an academic setting.

In order to determine whether this ethical violation has occurred, it is necessary to carry out a proper contrast with the evaluation of the other referee and to take into account the article under evaluation.

IV.3.2. Delegation of functions
When a referee delegates his or her function to another person, despite having participated in some way, this constitutes an ethical violation. This is due to the fact that the work of a referee is strictly personal.

IV.3.3. Omission to declare conflict of interest
Conflicts of interest, real or potential, financial or other, direct or indirect, that may influence those who have been appointed as referees, must be declared in a timely, honest, and clear manner. If the referees become aware that they have a conflict of interest with the article under review, they must inform the journal and refrain from evaluation.

IV.3.4. Undue request for citations
An ethical violation occurs when a referee indicates in his or her opinion that potential authors should include certain sources for nonacademic reasons, such as gaining an undue leverage in his or her favor, among others.

IV.3.5. Omission to communicate lack of subject matter competence
This ethical violation occurs when the referees do not communicate that they are not suitable to carry out the evaluation, either at the time of being invited or when evaluating the article. In this sense, referees have the duty to report their lack of thematic competence, which includes situations in which the referee is competent to evaluate the article, but only from a certain perspective. In the latter case, this violation will not occur if the referee reports his or her partial subject-matter competence and has the consent of the person who selected him or her to perform this task.

IV.3.6. Breach of confidentiality
When a referee shares the article under evaluation with persons, institutions outside his or her work or any other third party, this constitutes an ethical violation because it is confidential information.

To the extent that the referee does not send the text, he or she is allowed to consult with third parties on a given topic under evaluation. This confidentiality obligation is maintained even for those who decline to be referees in the middle of such work.

Likewise, the content of the article and the ideas derived from it should not be used in any particular research by the referee in any case, except when the article is actually published and cited in an appropriate manner.

IV.3.7. Obstruction of collaboration
The referees undertake to provide all the information necessary to determine whether or not an ethical violation has been committed. In this regard, obstructing such inquiries or retaliating against whistleblowers shall be considered a violation of these standards. Likewise, it is also considered an act of obstruction to evade or avoid responsibility.

IV.4. Other Violations
It is expected that all individuals associated with the journal will not commit the following violations:

IV.4.1. Interference of the institution promoting the journal
This ethical violation will occur when the institution to which the journal is affiliated exerts any kind of pressure on any member of the publication in order to bias their judgment or coerce them to make a decision based on economic, political, or other considerations unrelated to the academic excellence sought by the journal. Along these lines, the institution promoting the journal must guarantee their independent management.

IV.4.2. Breach of the license to use
An ethical violation occurs when users of the journal fail to comply with the provisions of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International (CC BY 4.0) license when using the content of the journal. In this sense, users, when using any content of the journal in a derivative work, must comply with the corresponding citation system, which must allow the identification of both the authors and the journal. Likewise, they must try to faithfully
represent the ideas contained in the articles, avoiding misrepresentation.

V. ABOUT COMPLAINTS
Any person who becomes aware of or has been affected by the commission of any ethical violation may report it in good faith by submitting any evidence to the person in charge of the journal. Once the complaint has been received, the person in charge of the journal must carry out the corresponding inquiries and take any of the measures described in section 6.

VI. PROCEDURES AND ACTIONS
When a journal member becomes aware of or receives a complaint regarding an ethical violation, he or she shall conduct the corresponding inquiries in order to rule out said violation or, if there are evidential elements, issue a report of preliminary observations in which the potential violations committed are clearly and precisely detailed. Depending on the nature of the violation, the necessary inquiries will be made in accordance with the relevant COPE flowcharts.

Potential violators will have a minimum period of 20 days to clarify the observations, in a responsible and honest manner. Said observations shall be forwarded to the Editor-in-Chief, who shall evaluate the clarifications of the potential violators in order to determine, finally, whether or not such violations have occurred. 

If it is determined that an ethical violation has occurred, one of the following measures will be applied.

VI.1. Actions against Offenders
The commission of a case of ethical misconduct will imply the rejection of the article submitted and the notification of the event to the institution to which the author is affiliated. Additionally, any of the following measures may be taken, depending on the seriousness of the facts surrounding the violation: 

1. Temporary prohibition to submit a new article, which would have a one- to three-year maximum duration.

2. Publication of a note about the case on the journal's website and social media.

VI.2. Actions against Journal Members
In the case of violations committed by a journal member, the person responsible will have to apologize publicly or resign, according to the extent of the violation, without prejudice to communicating the event to the institution promoting the journal or to the institution to which he or she is affiliated.

VI.3. Actions against Referees
In the case of violations committed by referees, without prejudice to the negative qualification in the referee database, the institution to which the referee is affiliated shall be informed. Additionally, depending on the seriousness of the facts surrounding the violation, any of the following measures may be taken:

1. Exclusion from the list of referees.

2. Publication of a note on the case.

VII . EXPERT OPINION OF AN ETHICS COMMITTEE
In the event that the article submitted is the result of a research project in which human beings or animals have participated, the favorable expert opinion of an ethics committee shall be required. Failure to send the aforementioned expert opinion at the time of submitting the article will result in its preliminary rejection.

VIII . INTERPRETATION OF ETHICAL STANDARDS
The meaning and scope of these standards will be determined, in case of doubt, by the Editor-in-Chief, together with the Editorial Board, in accordance with international standards of publication ethics and the sources used for the preparation of these standards.

IX. SOURCES FOR THE ELABORATION OF THESE ETHICAL STANDARDS
These ethical standards were developed based on the following sources:

 • Academic good practice – a practical guide. Oxford: University of Oxford. Recovered from: https://www.ox.ac.uk/sites/files/oxford/field/field_document/Academic%20good%20practice%20a%20practical%20guide_0.pdf

• All European Academies. (2018). Código Europeo de Conducta para la Integridad en la Investigación. Berlín: ALLEA.

• Baiget, T. (2010). Ética en revistas científicas. Ibersid, 4, 59-65.

• Bebeau, M. J., & E. L. Davis. (1996). Survey of ethical issues in dental research. Journal of Dental Research, 75(2), 845-855. https://doi.org/10.1177/00220345960750021901

• Código Voluntario de Buenas Prácticas del Abogado de la Red Peruana de Universidades. Recovered from: http://facultad.pucp.edu.pe/derecho/wp-content/uploads/2015/04/2.-Codigo-Voluntario-de-Buenas-Practicas-a-Feb-2012.pdf

• Committee on Publications Ethics. (s.f.). Flowcharts. Recovered from: https://publicationethics.org/guidance/Flowcharts

• Declaración de Helsinki de la Asociación Médica Mundial – Principios éticos para las investigaciones médicas en seres humanos. Recovered from: https://www.wma.net/es/policies-post/declaracion-de-helsinkide-la-amm-principios-eticos-para-las-investigaciones-medicas-enseres-humanos/

• Declaración de Singapur sobre la Integridad en la Investigación. Recovered from: https://www.conicyt.cl/fondap/files/2014/12/DECLARACI%C3%93N-SINGAPUR.pdf

• Editorial Policy Committee, Council of Science Editors. (2018). CSE’s White Paper on Promoting Integrity in Scientific Journal Publications. Wheat Ridge, Colorado: Council of Scientific Editos.

• Elsevier. (2017). Ethical Guidelines for Journal Publication. Recovered from: https://www.elsevier.com/__data/assets/pdf_file/0009/300888/Ethical-guidelines-for-journal-publication-V2.0-May-2017-Elsevier.pdf

• Elsevier. (s.f.). Publishing Ethics Resource Kit for editors. Recovered from: https://www.elsevier.com/editors/perk

• Fishman, T. (ed.). The fundamental values of academic integrity. Segunda edición. Illinois: International Center for Academic Integrity.

• International Committee of Medical Journal Editors. (2018). Recommendations for the Conduct, Reporting, Editing, and Publication of Scholarly Work in Medical Journals. Recovered from: http://www.icmje.org/icmje-recommendations.pdf

• Marcovitch, H., Barbour, V., Borrell, C., Bosch, F., Fernández, E., Macdonald, H., Marušić, A., & M. Nylenna. (2010). Conflict of Interest in Science Communication: More than a Financial Issue. Report from Esteve Foundation Discussion Group, April 2009. Croatian Medical Journal, 51(1), 7-15. https://doi.org/10.3325/cmj.2010.51.7

• National Institute of Medicine. (2002). Integrity in scientific research. Creating an environment that promotes responsible conduct. Washington, D. C.: National Research Council. https://doi.org/10.17226/10430

• Revista Chilena de Derecho. (s.f.). Manual de normas éticas y buenas prácticas. Recovered from: http://revistachilenadederecho. uc.cl/images/Documentos/MANUALDENORMASETICAS.pdf

• Riis, P. (2009). Misconduct in Clinical Research: The Scandinavian Experience and Actions for Prevention. Acta Oncologica, 38(1), 89-92. https://doi.org/10.1080/028418699431852

• Steneck, N. (2006). Fostering integrity in research: Definitions, current knowledge, and future directions. Science and Engineering Ethics, 12(1), 53-74. https://doi.org/10.1007/pl00022268

• Tauginienė, L., Gaižauskaitė, I., Glendinning, I., Kravjar, J., Ojsteršek, M., Ribeiro, L., Odiņeca, T., Marino, F., Cosentino, M., & S. Sivasubramaniam. (2018). Glossary for Academic Integrity. European Network for Academic Integrity. Recovered from: http://www.academicintegrity.eu/wp/wp-content/uploads/2018/10/Glossary_revised_final.pdf

• Tauginienė, L., Ojsteršek, M., Foltýnek, T., Marino, F., Cosentino, M., Gaižauskaitė, I., Glendinning, I., Sivasubramaniam, S., Razi, S., Ribeiro, L., Odineca, T., & O. Trevisiol. (2018). General Guidelines for Academic Integrity. European Network for Academic Integrity. Recovered from: http://www.academicintegrity.eu/wp/wp-content/uploads/2018/11/Guidelines_final.pdf

• Turnitin. (2017). White paper: The plagiarism spectrum. Recovered from: https://www.turnitin.com/infographics/the-plagiarism-spectrum

• Wager, E., & S. Kleinert. (2011). Responsible research publication: International standards for authors. A position statement at the 2nd World Conference on Research Integrity, Singapore, July 22- 24, 2010. En T. Mayer y N. Steneck (eds.), Promoting Research Integrity in a Global Environment (pp. 309-316). Singapur: Imperial College Press, World Scientific Publishing. Recovered from: https://publicationethics.org/files/International%20standard_editors_for%20website_11_Nov_2011.pdf

• World Association of Model Editors (WAME) policy statements. Recovered from: http://www.wame.org/policies

• Zhang, Y. (2016). Against Plagiarism. A Guide for Editors and Authors. Nueva York: Springer International Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-24160-9