Trade Policy and Women in the Pacific Alliance
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.18800/agenda.201801.007Keywords:
Trade and gender, Pacific Alliance, women economic empowermentAbstract
The relation between trade and gender is complex, and has not been deeply analysed in the case of Latin American countries. Mainstream economics argue that trade is gender-neutral, but the discussion should focus whether trade policy could be oriented to foster women’s economic inclusion. It is well known that, with the adequate policies, women’s economic empowerment could positively impact economic growth and reduce poverty, and therefore, trade policy may become an instrument to achieve this objective. The Pacific Alliance, a novel integration scheme, has considered women economic inclusion into their work and objectives.
In this article, we aim to review trade policies implemented at regional and domestic level amongst the four Pacific Alliance member countries: Colombia, Chile, Mexico and Peru. For this, the article is divided as follows. The first section reviews the literature on trade policy and gender issues, specifically in women inclusion aspects. The second section presents those policies discussed and implemented at the Pacific Alliance. The third section individually reviews member countries trade policies on women economic inclusion and empowerment.
Finally, we present some conclusions and policy recommendations.
Downloads
References
Acosta, G. Bozzani, A. García, C. Portillo, P. &Fuentes, D. (2016). La Alianza del Pacífico: un nuevo marco de comercio regional. Documentos técnicos del OREI. From http://sedici.unlp.edu.ar/bitstream/handle/10915/62224/Documento_completo.pdf-PDFA.pdf?sequence=1
Alianza del Pacífico (2015). Declaración de Paracas. From http://www.sice.oas.org/TPD/Pacific_Alliance/Presidential_Declarations/X_Paracas_Declaration_s.pdf
Alianza del Pacífico (2017a). ABC de la Alianza del Pacífico. From https://alianzapacifico.net/?wpdmdl=4441
Alianza del Pacífico (2017b). Declaración de Cali. From https://alianzapacifico.net/download/declaracion-de-cali-junio-30-de-2017/
Artecona, R. & Cunningham, W. (2002). Effects of trade liberalization on the gender wage gap in Mexico. Washington D.C.: World Bank.
Beneria, L. & Lind, A. (1995). Engendering international trade: concepts, policy, and action: Gender, Science and Development Programme (GSD). The Gender, Science and Development Programme and the United Nations Development Fund for Women.
Calvo, G. & Camacho, R. (2014). La violencia de género: evolución, impacto y claves para su abordaje. Enfermería Global, 13(33), 424-439. https://doi.org/10.6018/eglobal.13.1.181941
Castaño, J. ( 2016). Análisis y perspectivas de la Alianza del Pacífico. Estudios de Deusto, 64(1), 281-305. Ht tps://doi.org/10.18543/ed-64(1)-2016pp281-305
CEPAL. (2016). Persiste la brecha salarial entre hombres y mujeres. Santiago de Chile: Observatorio de Igualdad de Género de América Latina y el Caribe.
DIRECON. (2017). Primera radiografía a la participación de la s mujeres en las exportaciones chilenas. Santiago de Chile: Gobierno de Chile.
Eguíluz, A. Vásquez, M.I. & Espino, A. (2012). Trade and Gender: Advances in the Process of Gender Mainstreaming in Trade Operations. Washington D.C.: Inter-American Development Bank.
Fontana, M. (2009). The gender effects of trade liberalization in developing countries: a review of the literature. In M. Bussolo & R.E. De Hoyos. Gender Aspects of the Trade and Poverty Nexus. A Macro-Micro Approach (pp. 25-50). Washington D.C: Palgrave Macmillan.
Fontana, M. & Wacht, E. (1998). Global trade expansion and liberalization: gender issues and impacts. Brighton: Institute of Development Studies.
Frohmann, A. (2017). Gender Equality and Trade Policy. SECO Working Paper, 24. From https://www.wti.org/media/filer_public/8b/a8/8ba88d03-1a2b-4311-af6a-629d9997c54c/working_paper_no_24_2017_frohmann.pdf
Jacobsen, J. (1998). The economics of gender. Massachusetts: Blackwell Malden.
Kuper, L. Nussbaum, R. & Mustanski, B. (2012). Exploring the diversity of gender and sexual orientation identities in an online sample of transgender individuals. Journal of Sex Research, 49(2-3), 244-254. https://doi.org/10.1080/00224499.2011.596954
MacLaren, B. (2012). Free trade agreements in Peru and Colombia: monitoring future impacts from a gender perspective. Ottawa: North-South Institute.
Novta, N. & Wong, J. (2017). Women at Work in Latin America and the Caribbean. Washington D.C.: International Monetary Fund.
OCDE. (2016). Gender equality in the Pacific Alliance. París: OECD Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1787/9789264262959-en
Randriamaro, Z. (2006). Gender and trade. Brighton: Institute of Development Studies.
Sauré, P. & Zoabi, H. (2014). International trade, the gender wage gap and female labor force participation. Journal of Development Economics, 111, 17-33. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jdeveco.2014.07.003
UNCTAD. (2011). Gender Equality & Trade Policy. Geneva: United Nations Inter‐Agency Network on Women and Gender Equality (IANWGE).
UNCTAD. (2016). Trade, gender and development. Geneva: UNCTAD.
UNCTAD. (2017a). The new way of addressing gender equality issues in trade agreements: Is it a true revolution? Geneva: UNCTAD. From http://unctad.org/en/PublicationsLibrary/presspb2017d2_en.pdf
UNCTAD. (2017b). Trade and Gender Toolbox. Geneva: UNCTAD. From http://unctad.org/en/PublicationsLibrary/ditc2017d1_en.pdf
Villup, E. (2017). The EU ́s Trade Policy: from gender-blind too gender-sensitive? Brussels: Directorate for External Policies European Parliament. From http://www.europarl.europa.eu/RegData/etudes/IDAN/2015/549058/EXPO_IDA(2015)549058_EN.pdf
World Bank. (1994). Enhancing women ́s participation in economic development. Washington D.C.: International Bank for Reconstruction and Development & World Bank.
World Bank & WTO. (2015). The role of trade on reducing poverty. Washington D.C. From http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/726971467989468997/pdf/97607-REPLACEMENT-The-Role-of-Trade-in-Ending-Poverty.pdf
WTO. (2017). Gender Aware Trade Policy. Geneva: World Trade Organization. From https://www.wto.org/english/news_e/news17_e/dgra_21jun17_e.pdf
Zarrilli, S. (2017). The gender chapters in trade agreements: A true revolution? ICTSD ́s network of experts. From https://www.ictsd.org/opinion/the-gender-chapters-in-trade-agreements-a-true-revolution
Downloads
Published
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2018 Agenda Internacional
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
