Análisis del derecho penal sobre ecocidio: un estudio de caso de la guerra en Ucrania
Resumen
Si bien las medidas que conducen a la degradación del medio ambiente ya tienen consecuencias mundiales que amenazan la existencia misma de la humanidad, la guerra en Ucrania ha demostrado una vez más la eficacia de los mecanismos jurídicos internacionales existentes en la esfera de la protección del medio ambiente. El objetivo de este estudio es analizar los mecanismos jurídicos internacionales existentes para la protección del medio ambiente desde la perspectiva de la posibilidad de criminalizar el delito de ecocidio. Sobre la base del análisis de la legislación nacional de los países que han introducido la responsabilidad penal por el delito de ecocidio, se demuestra que los enfoques nacionales para abordar esta cuestión se caracterizan por la condicionalidad histórica y tienen diferencias significativas. Estas diferencias excluyen la posibilidad de que el delincuente incurra en responsabilidad penal en ausencia de un mecanismo jurídico internacional apropiado, mientras que las consecuencias del ecocidio causan daños mundiales. Un análisis del estado de la regulación internacional ha demostrado que el principal problema con la imposibilidad de enjuiciar el ecocidio es que, a pesar de la existencia de un amplio mecanismo de protección ambiental, sigue siendo imperfecto, salvo la posibilidad de enjuiciar los delitos contra el medio ambiente relacionados con crímenes de guerra. Una evaluación de los datos presentados en los informes relativos a la guerra en Ucrania muestra que la participación en las convenciones internacionales pertinentes no garantiza en modo alguno que el país agresor no viole sus obligaciones internacionales. Se ha demostrado que el reconocimiento del ecocidio como delito a nivel internacional sigue siendo el único medio eficaz de llevar a los autores ante la justicia. Los resultados del estudio pueden utilizarse para mejorar aún más los mecanismos jurídicos para el enjuiciamiento del ecocidio, la enseñanza de disciplinas jurídicas y la investigación académica ulterior.
Referencias bibliográficas
Anisimova, H.; Donets, O.; Shynkarov, O.; Shchonkin, R. & Skliar, I. (2023). Contemporary challenges and threats to national security: environmental and legal aspects. Sigurnost, 65(1), pp. 1-23.
Anisimova, H.; Haltsova, V.; Donets, O.; Samoshchenko, I. & Shynkarov, O. (2023). An environmental and legal component of criminal offenses in conditions of the Russian-Ukrainian international military conflict. European Energy and Environmental Law Review, 32(1), pp. 47-65.
Babakhani, E. (2023). On the effectiveness of restorative justice in the ecocide crime. Vilnius University Open Series, pp. 7-15. https://doi.org/10.15388/PhDStudentsConference.2023.1
Bozkurt, K. (2023). Assessments on the Ukraine-Russia war in the axis of international law and ecocide crimes. Istanbul: Yeditepe Üniversitesi Hukuk Fakültesi Dergisi, 20(2), pp. 209-228.
Burns, R. (2023). From Meaning to Ecocide: The value of phenomenology for green criminology. Critical Criminology. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10612-023-09730-8
Cabinet of Ministers of Ukraine (2022). Resolution “On approval of the procedure for determining damage and losses caused to Ukraine as a result of the armed aggression of the Russian Federation”. Retrieved from https://zakon.rada.gov.ua/laws/show/326-2022-%D0%BF#Text
Chandel, A.; Bhanot, N. & Verma, R. (2023). A Bibliometric Investigation of Ecocide Research: Tracing Trends and Shaping the Future. E3S Web Conferences, 453, 01044. https://doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202345301044
Chiarini, G. (2022). Ecocide: From the Vietnam war to international criminal jurisdiction? procedural issues in-between environmental science, climate change, and law. Cork Online Law Review, 21, pp. 1-34.
Council of Europe (1979). Convention on the conservation of European wildlife and natural habitats. Retrieved from https://rm.coe.int/1680078aff
Council of Europe (1993). Convention on civil liability for damage resulting from activities dangerous to the environment. Retrieved from https://rm.coe.int/168007c079
Council of Europe (1998). Convention on the protection of the environment through criminal law. Retrieved from https://rm.coe.int/168007f3f4
Council of Europe (2016). Council of Europe landscape convention. Retrieved from https://rm.coe.int/16807b6bc7
Council of Europe (2022a). Recommendation CM/Rec(2022)20 of the Committee of Ministers to member States on human rights and the protection of the environment. Retrieved from https://rm.coe.int/0900001680a83df1
Council of Europe (2022b). The Russian Federation is excluded from the Council of Europe. Retrieved from https://www.coe.int/en/web/portal/-/the-russian-federation-is-excluded-from-the-council-of-europe
Council of Europe (2022c). Council of Europe to draft a new global convention to protect the environment through criminal law. Retrieved from https://www.coe.int/en/web/cdpc/-/council-of-europe-to-draft-a-new-global-convention-to-protect-the-environment-through-criminal-law
Criminal code of the Republic of Armenia (2003) Retrieved from http://www.parliament.am/legislation.php?sel=show&ID=1349〈=eng
Crook, M.; Short, D. & South, N. (2018). Ecocide, genocide, capitalism and colonialism: Consequences for indigenous peoples and global ecosystems environments. Theoretical Criminology, 22(3), pp. 298-317.
Cusato, E. & Jones, E. (2023). The “imbroglio” of ecocide: A political economic analysis. Leiden Journal of International Law, 37(1), pp. 1-20.
Eichler, L. J. (2020). Ecocide is Genocide: Decolonizing the Definition of Genocide. Genocide Studies and Prevention, 14(2), pp. 104-121.
Espreso Global (2023). Ukraine investigates 271 Russian war crimes against environment. Retrieved from https://global.espreso.tv/ukraine-investigates-271-russian-war-crimes-against-environment
EUAM Ukraine (2023). Ecocide in Ukraine won’t go unpunished. United for Justice. United for Nature. Retrieved from https://www.euam-ukraine.eu/news/ecocide-in-ukraine-won-t-go-unpunished-united-for-justice-united-for-nature/
European Parliament Research Service (2023). Russia’s war in Ukraine: High environmental toll. Retrieved from https://www.europarl.europa.eu/RegData/etudes/ATAG/2023/751427/EPRS_ATA(2023)751427_EN.pdf
Fedele, G.; Donatti, C. I.; Bornacelly, I. & Hole, D. G. (2021). Nature-dependent people: Mapping human direct use of nature for basic needs across the tropics. Global Environmental Change, 71, pp. 1-9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2021.102368
Frisso, G. M. (2023). Ecocide: the environment as victim at the International Criminal Court. International Crimes Database. Retrieved from https://www.internationalcrimesdatabase.org/upload/documents/20230308T111040-Ecocide%20-%20The%20Environment%20as%20Victim%20at%20the%20International%20Criminal%20Court%20%5BFINAL%5D.pdf
Galligan, B. P. (2021). Re-theorizing the genocide-ecocide nexus: Raphael Lemkin and ecocide in the Amazon. The International Journal of Human Rights, 26(6), pp. 1004-1031.
Gardashuk, T. (2022). Is Russian aggression in Ukraine Ecocide? Envigogika, 17(1), pp. 1-6.
Haltsova, V. V.; Kharytonov, S. O.; Khramtsov, O. M.; Zhytnyi, O. O. & Vasyliev, A. A. (2021). Criminal law as a means of protecting human rights and freedoms in the modern world. Journal of the National Academy of Legal Sciences of Ukraine, 28(3), pp. 248-256.
Hausknost, D. & Hammond, M. (2019). Beyond the environmental state? The political prospects of a sustainability transformation. Environmental Politics, 29, pp. 1-16.
International Committee of the Red Cross (2020). Guidelines on the Protection of the Natural Environment in Armed Conflicts. Retrieved from https://www.icrc.org/en/publication/4382-guidelines-protection-natural-environment-armed-conflict
International Criminal Court (1998). Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court. Retrieved from https://www.icc-cpi.int/sites/default/files/RS-Eng.pdf
Kharytonov, S. O.; Orlovskyi, R. S.; Olha, V.; Kurman, T. V. & Maslova, O. O. (2023). criminal legal protection of the environment: national realities and international standards. European Energy and Environmental Law Review, 32(6), pp. 283-292.
Kowalska, S. (2023). Ecocide: A threat to biological tissue and ecological safety. Veredas do Direito Direito Ambiental e Desenvolvimento Sustentável, 20, pp. 1-15.
Law on Combating Climate Change and Strengthening Resilience to its effects (2021). Retrieved from https://www.legifrance.gouv.fr/download/pdf?id=x7Gc7Ys-Z3hzgxO5KgI0zSu1fmt64dDetDQxhvJZNMc
Marcantonio, R. & Fuentes, A. (2023). Environmental violence: a tool for planetary health research. Lancet Planet Health, 7(10), pp. 859-867.
Matwijkiw, A. & Matwijkiw, B. (2023). Business-as-usual barriers for the crime of ecocide: a multidisciplinary maze. Journal of International Criminal Law, 4, pp. 1-27. Retrieved from https://www.jicl.ir/article_172298_546174fb70519dff2a40e1767dd8c3b0.pdf
Mehra, N.; Gholipour, G. & Babakhani, E. (2019). Ecocide: A Crime against sustainable development. Ankara: Ankara Üniversitesi SBF Dergisi.
Ministry of Environmental Protection and Natural Resources of Ukraine (2024). Environmental damage from war. Retrieved from https://mepr.gov.ua/topics/novyny/zbytky-dovkillyu-vid-vijny/
Moribe, C. M.; Pereira, F. & França, N. (2023). Ecocide: A new challenge for the international criminal law and for humanity. Journal of International Criminal Law, 4(1), pp. 28-40.
Office of the Prosecutor General (2023). Destruction of the Kakhovka HPP dam. Retrieved from https://t.me/s/pgo_gov_ua/12971
Olivi, L. (2022). The public’s perception of the seriousness of environmental crimes related to environmental pollution and illegal waste trade. a case study of the Province of Brescia, Italy. Journal of illicit Economies and Development, 4(1), pp. 17-33
Orobets, K. (2022). Concept, Signs and Types of Criminal Offence in Legislation and Practice of the US and Ukraine. Pakistan Journal of Criminology, 14(2), pp. 47-62.
Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe (2023). Environmental impact of armed conflicts. Resolution 2427(2023). Retrieved from https://pace.coe.int/en/files/31600/html
Parliament of the Republic of Moldova (2002). Criminal Code of the Republic of Moldova. Retrieved from https://sherloc.unodc.org/cld/uploads/res/document/criminal-code-of-the-republic-of-moldova_html/Republic_of_Moldova_Criminal_Code.pdf
Pavlova, O.; Kuchynska, I.; Gorbalinskiy, V.; Volodina, O. & Melnychenko, B. B. (2023). The war between Ukraine and Russia as a historical and civilizational aspect. Trames, 27(4), pp. 327-349
Ministry of Justice of Vietnam (1999). Penal Code of Vietnam. Retrieved from https://natlex.ilo.org/dyn/natlex2/r/natlex/fe/details?p3_isn=56207
Robinson, D. (2022). Ecocide – Puzzles and Possibilities. Journal of International Criminal Justice, 20(2), 313-347
Sarliève, M. (2021). Ecocide: Past, Present, and Future Challenges. In W., Leal Filho, A. M., Azul, L., Brandli, A., Lange Salvia., & T., Wall (Eds.). Life on Land. Encyclopedia of the UN Sustainable Development Goals. Cham: Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-95981-8_110
SaveEcoBot (2024). Retrieved from https://www.saveecobot.com/features/environmental-crimes
Shatilo, V. A.; Kharytonov, S. O.; Kovbasa, V. M.; Svintsytskyi, A. V. & Lyseiuk, A. M. (2023). Prospects for State and Individual Responsibility in Cases of Aggression in the Context of Russia's Armed Aggression Against Ukraine. International Criminal Law Review, 23(4), pp. 626-641.
Stop Ecocide International (2021). Legal definition of ecocide. Retrieved from https://www.stopecocide.earth/legal-definition
United Nations (1976). United Nations convention on the prohibition of military or any other hostile use of environment modification techniques. Retrieved from https://treaties.un.org/doc/Treaties/1978/10/19781005%2000-39%20AM/Ch_XXVI_01p.pdf
United Nations (1977). Protocol Additional to the Geneva Conventions of 12 August 1949 relating to the protection of victims of international armed conflicts. Retrieved from https://treaties.un.org/doc/Publication/UNTS/Volume%201125/volume-1125-I-17512-English.pdf
Verkhovna Rada of Ukraine (2001). Criminal Code of Ukraine. Retrieved from https://zakon.rada.gov.ua/laws/show/2341-14#Text
Winter, E. (2023). Stop Ecocide International’s Blueprint for Ecocide Is Compromised by Anthropocentrism: A New Architect Must Be Found. Israel Law Review, 57(1), pp. 1-35.
Yaroshenko, O. M.; Anisimova, H. V.; Koliesnik, T. V.; Kaplina, H. A.; Babych, N. O. (2024). National Strategy for a Barrier-Free Environment: Problems, tolerance and implementation. International Social Work, 67(1), pp. 226-241.
Descargas
Derechos de autor 2024 Viktoriia V. Haltsova, Oksana O. Volodina, Volodymyr I. Hordieiev, Igor V. Samoshchenko, Kostiantyn M. Orobets
Esta obra está bajo licencia internacional Creative Commons Reconocimiento 4.0.