Minerales espaciales: cosas de nadie en beneficio de todos
Resumen
La exploración de los recursos minerales terrestres ha sido fuente de beneficios económicos, perjuicios ambientales y costos humanos. Nuevas tecnologías, sin embargo, están promoviendo la minería espacial con el potencial de, simultáneamente, maximizar los beneficios de esa actividad económica y reducir los daños socio-ambientales. Con esta perspectiva, el presente estudio examina dos implicaciones, en el ámbito jurídico, de esa innovación tecnológica: la naturaleza jurídica y la titularidad de los recursos naturales espaciales. Con los objetivos de reconocer al sujeto de derecho más plausible —según criterios jurídicos, lógicos y éticos— para obtener la titularidad del derecho de propiedad sobre minerales espaciales y de proponer el tratamiento más adecuado en relación a sus lucros, el abordaje adoptado pretende concatenar las explotaciones mineras terrestre y espacial sobre la base de la perspectiva de continuidad renovada. Para alcanzar esa proposición teórica, fueron analizados, previamente, los impactos humanos y ambientales de la minería terrestre; las viabilidades de utilización y de exploración de los minerales espaciales, así como las ventajas y desventajas de la minería espacial. Asimismo, se estudiaron los posicionamientos político-normativos —internacionales y locales—, así como los posicionamientos académicodoctrinarios — egacionistas, expansionistas y analogistas— acerca de ese derecho de propiedad. Se concluye que los minerales espaciales son mejor clasificados como res nullius, apropiables por cualquier persona, física o jurídica, pública o privada, siempre que se comprometan con determinados requisitos en cuanto a sus lucros, lo que culmina en una razonable propuesta de regulación para la minería espacial que es, simultáneamente, ejecutable y beneficiosa para la humanidad y el medio ambiente.
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