Migraciones, religiones y derecho: la tradición de la Iglesia siria oriental «nestoriana» (siglos V-XXI)
Resumen
Regímenes religiosos de normatividad que pertenecen a tradiciones no católicas del cristianismo, propias de la historia de Asia, dieron forma, entre la Antigüedad y los inicios de la Edad Moderna, a entramados sociales, jurídicos y culturales que no es posible identificar y comprender desde la perspectiva binaria del Kulturkampf entre «Oriente» y «Occidente». En particular, la tradición de la Iglesia «nestoriana» siria oriental, que se difundió por toda Asia Central, desde Mesopotamia y Persia hasta India y China, adelantándose por mucho a las misiones católicas y protestantes de los siglos XIV, XVI y XIX, desafía los paradigmas del análisis poscolonial. La Iglesia siria oriental nació de la persecución de los seguidores de Nestorio y Teodoro de Mopsuestia, marginalizados en el Imperio romano; y se estableció en la Mesopotamia oriental, unificándose bajo el katholikós, como denominación independiente, desde el año 410. Sus documentos y monumentos jurídicos y litúrgicos, en diversas lenguas, reflejan una cultura original y autónoma, surgida inicialmente del estigma herético, e independiente de toda agenda papal o imperial. Sus cuerpos teológico y litúrgico, y sobre todo sus textos jurídicos, forman una construcción transnacional, no exclusivamente confesional, abierta a la hibridación. Asimismo, sus ordenamientos jurídicos y litúrgicos, que se desarrollaron y difundieron durante ocho siglos de migraciones, comercio, actividad misional y literaria (escritura y traducción) sobre las Rutas de la Seda, proveyeron gobierno y justicia para cristianos (y gentiles) que pertenecían a muchos pueblos y habitaban territorios diversos. La tradición cristiana «nestoriana», construida con vocación comunitaria más que institucional, es auténticamente «oriental». Su Iglesia sobrevive entre nosotros, confirmada y reforzada en sus estructuras jurisdiccionales y pastorales, y a la vez incomprendida en cuanto a su papel y lugar en la historia de Asia. Amenazada y oprimida, se enfrenta hoy al olvido, la dispersión y la aniquilación.
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