Spanish validation of NODS screening in a Chilean representative sample
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.18800/psico.202601.014Keywords:
gambling, NODS, validationAbstract
In a probabilistic and representative sample from Santiago, Chile, this research aims to validate the Spanish-language National Opinion Research Center DSM-IV Screen for Gambling Problems (NODS) and its abbreviated form for the Chilean context. 1032 individuals were surveyed at home using a standardized questionnaire. Results show high reliability for both lifetime and past-year versions of the screening, with structural validity supported by factor analyses. The study found 2.4% of the sample classified as lifetime pathological gamblers and 0.8% for the past year, consistent with higher ranges of international studies. Severe gambling disorder rates are higher in Chile compared to Spain. Concurrent validity suggests that the lengthy Chilean adaptation of NODS is reliable for assessing gambling problems.Keywords: gambling; gambling problems; validation.
Downloads
References
Allami, Y., Hodgins, D. C., Young, M., Brunelle, N., Currie, S., Dufour, M., Flores-Pajot, M.C., & Nadeau, L. (2021). A meta-analysis of problem gambling risk factors in the general adult population. Addiction, 116, 2968-2977. https://doi.org/10.1111/add.15422
American Psychiatric Association. (2018). DSM-5. Manual diagnóstico y estadístico de los trastornos mentales (5th ed.). Editorial Medico Panamericana.
Carbonell, X., Talam, A., Beranuy, M., Oberst, U., & Graner, C. (2009). Cuando jugar se convierte en un problema: El juego patológico y la adicción a los juegos de rol online. Revista de Psicología, Ciencias de la Educación y del Deporte, 25, 201-220. https://www.raco.cat/index.php/RPCED/article/view/158426
Calado, F., & Griffiths, M. D. (2016). Problem gambling worldwide: An update and systematic review of empirical research (2000–2015). Journal of Behavioral Addictions, 5(4), 592–613. https://doi.org/10.1556/2006.5.2016.073
Delfabbro, P., & King, D. L. (2019). Challenges in the conceptualisation and measurement of gambling-related harm. Journal of Gambling Studies, 35, 743-755. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10899-018-9820-2
Delfabbro, P., King, D., Williams, J., & Georgiou, N. (2021). Cryptocurrency trading, gambling and problem gambling. Addictive Behaviors, 122, 107021. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.addbeh.2021.107021
Dickerson, M. (1990). Gambling: The psychology of a non-drug compulsion. Drug and Alcohol Review, 9, 187-199. https://doi.org/10.1080/09595239000185241
Fager, M. (2007). How does one measure gambling problems? Reliability and validity of the NORC DSM-IV screen for gambling problems. International Journal of Testing, 6, 25-39. https://doi.org/10.1207/s15327574ijt0601_2
Fisher, S. (2000). Developing the DSM-IV-DSM-IV criteria to identify adolescent problem gambling in non-clinical populations. Journal of Gambling Studies, 16(2/3), 253-273. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1009421712489
Gerstein, D., Murphy, S., Toce, M., Hoffman, J., Palmer, A., Johnson, R., Larison, C., Chuchro, L., Bard, A., Engelman, L., Hill, M. A., Buie, T., Volberg, R., Harwood, H., Tucker, A., Christiansen, E., Cummins, W., & Sinclair, S. (1999). Gambling impact and behavior study: Report to the National Gambling Impact Study Commission. National Opinion Research Center.
Hodgins, D. C. (2004). Using the NORC DSM screen for gambling problems as an outcome measure for pathological gambling: Psychometric evaluation. Addictive Behaviors, 29, 1685-1690. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.addbeh.2004.03.030
Jiménez-Murcia, S., Stinchfield, R., Alvarez-Moya, E., Jaurrieta, N., Bueno, B., Granero, R., Olivares, R., Aymamí, M. N., Gómez-Peña, M., Menchón, J. M., & Vallejo, J. (2009). Reliability, validity, and classification accuracy of a Spanish translation of a measure of DSM-IV diagnostic criteria for pathological gambling. Journal of Gambling Studies, 25, 93–104. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10899-008-9104-x
Labrador, M., Labrador, F. J., Crespo, M., Echeburúa, E., & Becoña, E. (2020). Cognitive distortions in gamblers and non-gamblers of a representative Spanish sample. Journal of Gambling Studies, 36, 207-222. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10899-019-09862-9
López-González, H., Estévez, A., & Griffiths, M. D. (2018). Spanish validation of the Problem Gambling Severity Index: A confirmatory factor analysis with sports bettors. Journal of Behavioral Addictions, 7(3), 814-820. https://doi.org/10.1556/2006.7.2018.82
McMillen, J., & Wenzel, M. (2006). Measuring problem gambling: Assessment of three prevalence screens. International Gambling Studies, 6(2), 147-174. https://doi.org/10.1080/14459790600844159
Muggleton, N., Parpart, P., Newall, P., Leake, D., Gathergood, J., & Stewart, N. (2021). The association between gambling and financial, social, and health outcomes in big financial data. Nature Human Behaviour, 5, 319-326. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41562-020-01045-w
Pyle, E. (2017). An exploration of how agency and socio-cultural milieu support greater or lesser controlled gambling and recovery from gambling addiction [Doctoral Dissertation, University of Plymouth].
Raylu, N., & Po Oei, T. (2004). Role of culture in gambling and problem gambling. Clinical Psychology Review, 23, 1087-1114. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpr.2003.11.005
Reyes, V., & González, L. (2023, February 20). Gobierno profundizará en marzo en regulación a sitios de apuestas ilícitos y que no pagan impuestos. BioBioChile. https://www.biobiochile.cl/noticias/economia/negocios-y-empresas/2023/02/20/gobierno-profundizara-en-marzo-en-regulacion-a-sitios-de-apuestas-ilicitos-y-que-no-pagan-impuestos.shtml
Stinchfield, R. (2003). Reliability, validity, and classification accuracy of a measure of DSM-IV diagnostic criteria for pathological gambling. American Journal of Psychiatry, 160, 180-182. https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.ajp.160.1.180
Syvertsen, A., Erevik, E. K., Hanss, D., Mentzoni, R. A., & Pallesen, S. (2022). Relationships between exposure to different advertising types, advertising impact and problem gambling. Journal of Gambling Studies, 38, 465-482. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10899-021-10053-1
Tabri, N., Xuereb, S., Cringle, N., & Clark, L. (2022). Associations between financial gambling motives, gambling frequency and level of problem gambling: A meta-analytic review. Addiction, 117, 559-569. https://doi.org/10.1111/add.15656
Tavares, H., et al. (2010). Gambling in Brazil: Lifetime prevalences and socio-demographic correlates. Psychiatry Research, 180(1), 35–41. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2009.07.003
Toce-Gerstein, M., Gerstein, D. R., & Volberg, R. A. (2009). The NODS CLiP: A rapid screen for adult pathological and problem gambling. Journal of Gambling Studies, 25(4), 541-555. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10899-009-9135-y
Villatoro Velázquez, J. A., et al. (2018). Magnitude and extent of gambling disorder in the Mexican population. Salud Mental, 41(4), 157–166. https://www.saludmental.gob.mx/salud_mental/descargas/vol41-4/07.pdf
Volberg, R. A. (2004). Fifteen years of problem gambling prevalence research: What do we know? Where do we go? Journal of Gambling Issues, 10. https://doi.org/10.4309/jgi.2004.10.18
Volberg, R. A., Reitzes, D. C., & Boles, J. (1997). Exploring the links between gambling, problem gambling, and self?esteem. Deviant Behavior, 18(4), 321-342. https://doi.org/10.1080/01639625.1997.9968030
Walker, M., & Dickerson, M. (1996). The prevalence of problem and pathological gambling: A critical analysis. Journal of Gambling Studies, 12(2), 233-249. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01539182
Welte, J. W., Barnes, G. M., Tidwell, M.C. O., & Hoffman, J. H. (2015). Gambling and problem gambling in the United States: Changes between 1999 and 2013. Journal of Gambling Studies, 31(3), 695–715. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10899-014-9471-1
Wickwire, E. M., Jr., Burke, R. S., Brown, S. A., Parker, J. D., & May, R. K. (2008). Psychometric evaluation of the National Opinion Research Center DSM-IV screen for gambling problems (NODS). The American Journal on Addictions, 17, 392-395. https://doi.org/10.1080/10550490802268855
Wiebe, J., & Volberg, R. A. (2007). Problem gambling prevalence research: A critical overview. Canadian Gaming Association. https://www.gamingassoc.ca/wp-content/uploads/Problem-Gambling-Prevalence-Research.pdf
Williams, R. J., et al. (2021). Gambling and problem gambling in Canada in 2018. The Canadian Journal of Psychiatry, 66(8), 655–663. https://doi.org/10.1177/0706743720970910


