Fundamentos morais, identidade política e cultura fora dos Estados Unidos: um estudo metanalítico
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.18800/psico.202602.008Palavras-chave:
Fundamentos morais, Identidade política, Ideologia, Conflito de grupos, MetanáliseResumo
A Teoria dos Fundamentos Morais tem recebido grande atenção desde o seu surgimento, especialmente no que diz respeito à sua hipótese sobre as diferenças morais entre liberais e conservadores (Graham et al., 2011). Uma revisão sistemática e uma meta-análise sobre esse tema foram publicadas recentemente por Kivikangas et al. (2021). No entanto, como envolveu principalmente amostras dos EUA, não abordou o efeito moderador que as diferenças culturais podem ter sobre a relação entre identidade política e fundamentos morais. Para replicar e complementar os resultados de Kivikangas et al. (2021), foi realizada uma meta-análise de todas as pesquisas publicadas ou não publicadas disponíveis sobre a relação entre identidade política e fundamentos morais fora dos EUA. Após uma ampla pesquisa na web, foram selecionados um total de 46 estudos de 89 países e outras duas entidades políticas (Hong Kong e Taiwan) (k = 175; N = 96.851). As correlações agrupadas corroboraram as premissas da Teoria dos Fundamentos Morais, e os tamanhos dos efeitos foram bastante semelhantes aos apresentados em Kivikangas et al. (2021). Valores culturais individualistas e pós-materialistas exibem maior polarização moral entre os dois rótulos âncora da identidade política (liberal-conservador e esquerda-direita). Em contrapartida, culturas com valores mais tradicionalistas e orientados para o grupo mostram associações mais fracas entre fundamentos morais e identidade política. A proporção de mulheres e a identidade política também se revelaram moderadores significativos. São discutidas a possível relação não linear entre identidade política e fundamentos morais, bem como a necessidade de considerar o viés de medição ao utilizar a plataforma Yourmorals e ao escolher uma escala para medir os escores dos fundamentos morais.
Downloads
Referências
*References marked with an asterisk indicate studies included in the meta-analysis.
Aloe, A. M., Becker, B. J., & Pigott, T. D. (2010). An alternative to R2 for assessing linear models of effect size. Research Synthesis Methods, 1(3‐4), 272-283. https://doi.org/10.1002/jrsm.23
*Atari, M., Graham, J., & Dehghani, M. (2020). Foundations of morality in Iran. Evolution and Human Behavior, 41(5), 367-384. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.evolhumbehav.2020.07.014
Atari, M., Haidt, J., Graham, J., Koleva, S., Stevens, S. T., & Dehghani, M. (2023). Morality beyond the WEIRD: How the nomological network of morality varies across cultures. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 125(5), 1157–1188. https://doi.org/10.1037/pspp0000470
Atari, M., Lai, M. H., & Dehghani, M. (2020). Sex differences in moral judgements across 67 countries. Proceedings of the Royal Society, 287(1937), Article 20201201. https://doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2020.1201
*Bai, X., Gauri, V., & Fiske, S. T. (2021). Cosmopolitan morality trades off in-group for the world, separating benefits and protection. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 118(40), Article e2100991118. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2100991118
*Baldner, C., Pierro, A., Chernikova, M., & Kruglanski, A. W. (2018). When and Why Do Liberals and Conservatives Think Alike?. Social Psychology. 49(6), 360-368. https://doi.org/10.1027/1864-9335/a000354
Barša, P., Hesová, Z., & Slačálek, O. (Eds.). (2021). Central European culture wars: beyond post communism and populism. Humanitas. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11956/170756
Begg, C. B., & Mazumdar, M. (1994). Operating characteristics of a rank correlation test for publication bias. Biometrics, 50(4), 1088-1101. https://doi.org/10.2307/2533446
Borenstein, M.J., Hedges, L.V., Higgins, J.P.T., & Rothstein, H. (2009). Introduction to meta-analysis. Wiley. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9780470743386
Botella, J., & Sánchez-Meca, J. (2015). Meta-análisis en ciencias sociales y de la salud [Meta-analysis in social and health sciences]. Editorial Síntesis.
Çakın, B., Glas, S., & Spierings, N. (2024). Polarization, religiosity, and support for gender equality: A comparative study across four Muslim-majority countries. Women's Studies International Forum, 103(4), Article 102880. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wsif.2024.102880
Cheong, Y., & Haggard, S. (2023). Political polarization in Korea. Democratization, 30(7), 1215-1239. https://doi.org/10.1080/13510347.2023.2217762
Clark, C., & Tan, A. C. (2012). Political polarization in Taiwan: a growing challenge to catch-all parties?. Journal of Current Chinese Affairs, 41(3), 7-31.
https://doi.org/10.1177/1868102612041003
Clifford, S., Iyengar, V., Cabeza, R., & Sinnott-Armstrong, W. (2015). Moral foundations vignettes: A standardized stimulus database of scenarios based on moral foundations theory. Behavior research methods, 47(4), 1178-1198. https://doi.org/10.3758/s13428-014-0551-2
Conversi, D. (2020). The left and nationalism: From the French Revolution to the Anthropocene. In L. Greenfeld & Z. Wu (Eds.) Research handbook on nationalism (pp. 34-52). Edward Elgar Publishing. https://doi.org/10.4337/9781789903447.00009
*Côté-Lussier, C., & Carmichael, J. T. (2018). Public support for harsh criminal justice policy and its moral and ideological tides. Psychology, Public Policy, and Law, 24(2), 235-247. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/law0000148
Davis, D. E., Dooley, M. T., Hook, J. N., Choe, E., & McElroy, S. E. (2017). The purity/sanctity subscale of the Moral Foundations Questionnaire does not work similarly for religious versus non-religious individuals. Psychology of Religion and Spirituality, 9(1), 124-130. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/rel0000057
Davis, D. E., Rice, K., Van Tongeren, D. R., Hook, J. N., DeBlaere, C., Worthington, E. L., Jr., & Choe, E. (2016). The moral foundations hypothesis does not replicate well in Black samples. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 110(4), e23–e30. https://doi.org/10.1037/pspp0000056
*Di Battista, S., Pivetti, M., & Berti, C. (2018). Moral foundations, political orientation and religiosity in Italy. The Open Psychology Journal, 11(1), 46-58. https://doi.org/10.2174/1874350101811010046
Dolatabadi, H. (2017). Right/left dualism in politics: a French invention. Evropský politický a právní diskurz, (5), 76-83. https://eppd13.cz/wp-content/uploads/2017/2017-4-5/13.pdf
Feldman, S., & Johnston, C. (2014). Understanding the determinants of political ideology: Implications of structural complexity. Political Psychology, 35(3), 337-358. https://doi.org/10.1111/pops.12055
*Findor, A. (2015). Moral Foundations of Welfare Attitudes: The Role of Moral Intuition and Reasoning in Pursuing Social Justice. Central European Journal of Public Policy, 9(2), 72-83. https://doi.org/10.1515/cejpp-2016-0013
Fossati, D. (2024). Reassessing Political Polarization and Democratic Development in Southeast Asia Research Center. https://www.cityu.edu.hk/searc/Resources/Paper/24071912_Working%20Paper_202407_Polarization%20in%20Southeast%20Asia.pdf
Frimer, J. A., Biesanz, J. C., Walker, L. J., & MacKinlay, C. W. (2013). Liberals and conservatives rely on common moral foundations when making moral judgments about influential people. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 104(6), 1040-1059. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0032277
*Giacomantonio, M., Pierro, A., Baldner, C., & Kruglanski, A. (2017). Need for Closure, Torture, and Punishment Motivations. Social Psychology. 48, 335-347. https://doi.org/10.1027/1864-9335/a000321.
Graham, J., & Haidt, J. (2012). Sacred values and evil adversaries: A moral foundations approach. In M. Mikulincer & P. R. Shaver (Eds.), The social psychology of morality: Exploring the causes of good and evil (pp. 11–31). American Psychological Association. https://doi.org/10.1037/13091-001
Graham, J., Haidt, J., Koleva, S., Motyl, M., Iyer, R., Wojcik, S. P., & Ditto, P. H. (2013). Moral foundations theory: The pragmatic validity of moral pluralism. Advances in experimental social psychology 47, 55-130. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-407236-7.00002-4
Graham, J., Haidt, J., & Nosek, B. A. (2009). Liberals and conservatives rely on different sets of moral foundations. Journal of personality and social psychology, 96(5), 1029-1046. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0015141
*Graham, J., Nosek, B. A., Haidt, J., Iyer, R., Koleva, S., & Ditto, P. H. (2011). Mapping the moral domain. Journal of personality and social psychology, 101(2), 366-385. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/a0021847
Haidt, J. (2012). The righteous mind: Why good people are divided by politics and religion. Vintage.
Haidt, J., & Joseph, C. (2008). The moral mind: How five sets of innate intuitions guide the development of many culture-specific virtues, and perhaps even modules. In P. Carruthers, S. Laurence, & S. Stich (Eds.), Evolution and cognition. The innate mind Vol. 3. Foundations and the future (pp. 367-391). Oxford University Press. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195332834.003.0019
Haerpfer, C., Inglehart, R., Moreno, A., Welzel, C., Kizilova, K., Diez-Medrano J., M. Lagos, P. Norris, E. Ponarin & B. Puranen (Eds.). (2024) World Values Survey: Round Seven – Country-Pooled Datafile Version 6.0.0. [Dataset]. JD Systems Institute & WVSA Secretariat. https://doi.org/10.14281/18241.24
*Harper, C. A., & Hogue, T. E. (2018). The role of intuitive moral foundations in Britain's vote on EU membership. Journal of Community & Applied Social Psychology, 29(2), 90-103 https://doi.org/10.1002/casp.2386
Henrich, J., Heine, S. J., & Norenzayan, A. (2010). The weirdest people in the world?. Behavioral and brain sciences, 33(2-3), 61-83. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0140525X0999152X
Hesová, Z. (2021). Three types of culture wars and the populist strategies in Central Europe. Politologický časopis-Czech Journal of Political Science, 28(2), 130-150. https://doi.org/10.5817/PC2021-2-130
Hofstede, G. (1984). Culture's consequences: International differences in work-related values. Sage.
Hofstede, G. (2011). Dimensionalizing Cultures: The Hofstede Model in Context. Online Readings in Psychology and Culture, 2(1), Article 8.
https://doi.org/10.9707/2307-0919.1014
*Hren, D., Buljan, I., & Marušić, A. (2020). Moral Foundations theory in the context of a political scandal: Two cross sectional studies in Croatia. ST-OPEN, 1, 1-10. https://doi.org/10.48188/so.1.3
Huang, C., & Kuo, T. C. (2022). Actual and perceived polarization on independence-unification views in Taiwan. Asian Journal of Communication, 32(2), 75-92. https://doi.org/10.1080/01292986.2021.2022174
Huddy, L., Sears, D. O., & Levy, J. S. (Eds.). (2013). The Oxford handbook of political psychology. Oxford University Press.
Huedo-Medina, T. B., Sánchez-Meca, J., Marín-Martínez, F., & Botella, J. (2006). Assessing heterogeneity in meta-analysis: Q statistic or I² index?. Psychological methods, 11(2), 193-220. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/1082-989X.11.2.193
Hunter, J. D. (1991). Culture wars: The struggle to define America. Basic Books.
Inglehart, R. (1997). Modernization and postmodernization: Cultural, economic, and political change in 43 societies. Princeton university press.
Inglehart, R. F. (2013). Changing values among western publics from 1970 to 2006. In K. H. Goetz, P. Mair & G. Smith (Eds.). European Politics: Pasts, presents, futures (pp. 130-146). Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315876207
*Jarmakowski, T., & Jarmakowska-Kostrzanowska, L. (2016). Polska adaptacja Kwestionariusza kodów moralnych (MFQ-PL) [The Polish adaptation of the Moral Foundation Questionnaire (MFQ-PL)]. Psychologia Społeczna XI (39), 489-508. https://doi.org/10.13140/2.1.4800.3840
*Jöckel, S., & Früh, H. (2016). ‘The world ain’t all sunshine’: Investigating the relationship between mean world beliefs, conservatism and crime TV. Communications, 41(2), 195-217. https://doi.org/10.1515/commun-2016-0001
Jost, J. T., Federico, C. M., & Napier, J. L. (2009). Political ideology: Its structure, functions, and elective affinities. Annual review of psychology, 60, 307-337. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.psych.60.110707.163600
*Kim, K. R., & Kang, J. S. (2013). Liberal–conservative self-identification in Korea: a cross-cultural explanation. Korean Social Science Journal, 40(2), 113-120. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40483-013-0009-7
*Kim, K. R., Kang, J. S., & Yun, S. (2012). Moral intuitions and political orientation: Similarities and differences between South Korea and the United States. Psychological reports, 111(1), 173-185. https://doi.org/10.2466/17.09.21.PR0.111.4.173-185
Kivikangas, J. M., Fernández-Castilla, B., Järvelä, S., Ravaja, N., & Lönnqvist, J.-E. (2021). Moral foundations and political orientation: Systematic review and meta-analysis. Psychological Bulletin, 147(1), 55-94. https://doi.org/10.1037/bul0000308
*Kivikangas, J. M., Lönnqvist, J. E., & Ravaja, N. (2017). Relationship of moral foundations to political liberalism-conservatism and left-right orientation in a Finnish representative sample. Social Psychology 48(4), 246-251. https://doi.org/10.1027/1864-9335/a000297
*Klein, R. A., Vianello, M., Hasselman, F., Adams, B. G., Adams Jr, R. B., Alper, S., ... & Batra, R. (2018). Many Labs 2: Investigating variation in replicability across samples and settings. Advances in Methods and Practices in Psychological Science, 1(4), 443-490. https://doi.org/10.1177/2515245918810225
*Laakasuo, M., Drosinou, M., Koverola, M., Kunnari, A., Halonen, J., Lehtonen, N., & Palomäki, J. (2018). What makes people approve or condemn mind upload technology? Untangling the effects of sexual disgust, purity and science fiction familiarity. Palgrave Communications, 4(1), Article 84. http://doi.org/10.1057/s41599-018-0124-6
Lee, C., Shin, J., & Hong, A. (2018). Does social media use really make people politically polarized? Direct and indirect effects of social media use on political polarization in South Korea. Telematics and Informatics, 35(1), 245-254. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tele.2017.11.005
*Lewis, G. J., & Bates, T. C. (2011). From left to right: How the personality system allows basic traits to influence politics via characteristic moral adaptations. British Journal of Psychology, 102(3), 546-558. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.2044-8295.2011.02016.x
Lovakov, A., & Agadullina, E. R. (2021). Empirically derived guidelines for effect size interpretation in social psychology. European Journal of Social Psychology, 51(3), 485–504. https://doi.org/10.1002/ejsp.2752
*Macko, A. (2012). Intuicje moralne młodych polskich liberałów i konserwatystów [Intuiciones morales de jóvenes liberales y conservadores polacos]. Psychologia Społeczna, 7(22), 245–260. https://www.ceeol.com/search/article-detail?id=90989
*Malka, A., Osborne, D., Soto, C. J., Greaves, L. M., Sibley, C. G., & Lelkes, Y. (2016). Binding moral foundations and the narrowing of ideological conflict to the traditional morality domain. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 42(9), 1243-1257. https://doi.org/10.1177/0146167216653936
*Marques, L. M., Clifford, S., Iyengar, V., Bonato, G. V., Cabral, P. M., dos Santos, R. B., Cabeza, R., Sinnott-Armstrong, W., & Boggio, P. S. (2020). Translation and validation of the Moral Foundations Vignettes (MFVs) for the Portuguese language in a Brazilian sample. Judgment and Decision Making, 15(1), 149–158. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1930297500006963
*Métayer, S., & Pahlavan, F. (2014). Validation de l'adaptation française du questionnaire des principes moraux fondateurs. [Validation of the French adaptation of the moral foundations questionnaire]. Revue internationale de psychologie sociale, 27(2), 79-107. https://www.cairn.info/revue-internationale-de-psychologie-sociale-2014-2-page-79.htm
*Milesi, P. (2017). Moral Foundations and Voting Intention in Italy. Europe's journal of psychology, 13(4), 667-687. http://dx.doi.org/10.5964/ejop.v13i4.1391
*Milfont, T. L., Davies, C. L., & Wilson, M. S. (2019). The Moral Foundations of Environmentalism. Social Psychological Bulletin, 14(2), 1-25. https://doi.org/10.32872/spb.v14i2.32633
Mosteller, F., & Hoaglin, D. C. (1991). Preliminary examination of data. In D C. Hoaglin, F. Mosteller & J. W. Tukey (Eds.) Fundamentals of exploratory analysis of variance (pp. 40-49). John Wiley & Sons. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9780470316832
*Murayama, A., & Miura, A. (2019). Validation of the Japanese Version of the Moral Foundation Questionnaire: Investigating the relationship with ideologies. The Japanese Journal of Psychology, 90(2), 156-166. https://doi.org/10.4992/jjpsy.90.17234
Nakphin, S., Po-In, S., & Kongrungchok, A. (2019). Conflict Management of Expatriates under Hofstede’s Cultural Dimension Differences. WMS Journal of Management, 8(4), 70–82. https://so06.tci-thaijo.org/index.php/wms/article/ view/223145
*Nilsson, A., & Erlandsson, A. (2015). The Moral Foundations taxonomy: Structural validity and relation to political ideology in Sweden. Personality and Individual Differences, 76, 28-32. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2014.11.049
*Nilsson, A., Erlandsson, A., & Västfjäll, D. (2016). The congruency between moral foundations and intentions to donate, self-reported donations, and actual donations to charity. Journal of Research in Personality, 65, 22-29. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jrp.2016.07.001
*Nilsson, A., Erlandsson, A., & Västfjäll, D. (2020). Moral foundations theory and the psychology of charitable giving. European Journal of Personality, 34(3), 431–447. https://doi.org/10.1002/per.2256
*Nilsson, A., Erlandsson, A., Västfjäll, D., & Tinghög, G. (2021). Who are the opponents of nudging? Insights from moral foundations theory. Comprehensive results in social psychology, 5(1-3), 64-97. https://doi.org/10.1080/23743603.2020.1756241
*Nilsson, A., Montgomery, H., Dimdins, G., Sandgren, M., Erlandsson, A., & Taleny, A. (2020). Beyond ‘liberals’ and ‘conservatives’: Complexity in ideology, moral intuitions, and worldview among Swedish voters. European Journal of Personality, 34(3), 448-469. https://doi.org/10.1002/per.2249
*Ochoa, D. P., Sio, C. P., Quiñones, D. M., & Manalastas, E. J. (2016). A bond between man and woman: Religiosity, moral foundations, and same-sex marriage attitudes in the Philippines. Philippine Journal of Psychology, 49(2), 157–171. http://www.tinyurl.com/ybgrcv3j
Orwin, R. G. (1983). A fail-safe N for effect size in meta-analysis. Journal of Educational Statistics, 8(2), 157–159. https://doi.org/10.2307/1164923
*Piñuela, R. (2015). Manejo del terror, ideología política y mecanismos asociados al apoyo de la violencia colectiva: efectos de la amenaza existencial sobre la desconexión moral, la deshumanización y los fundamentos morales [Terror management, political ideology and mechanisms associated with supporting collective violence: effects of existential threat on moral disengagement, dehumanization and moral foundations]. [Doctoral dissertation, Universidad Complutense de Madrid] Docta Complutense. https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.14352/25670
*Quintelier, K. J., Ishii, K., Weeden, J., Kurzban, R., & Braeckman, J. (2013). Individual differences in reproductive strategy are related to views about recreational drug use in Belgium, the Netherlands, and Japan. Human Nature, 24(2), 196-217. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12110-013-9165-0
Rawls, J. (1971). A Theory of Justice: Original Edition. Harvard University Press. https://doi.org/10.2307/j.ctvjf9z6v
*Rossen, I. (2015). The moral roots of socio-political attitudes: how moral foundations theory can help to understand contested scientific issues and political ideology. [Doctoral dissertation, University of Western Australia] https://research-repository.uwa.edu.au/files/9318154/Rossen_Isabel_2015.pdf
*Rossen, I., Hurlstone, M. J., Dunlop, P. D., & Lawrence, C. (2019). Accepters, fence sitters, or rejecters: Moral profiles of vaccination attitudes. Social Science & Medicine, 224, 23-27. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2019.01.038
*Rutjens, B. T., & van der Lee, R. (2020). Spiritual skepticism? Heterogeneous science skepticism in the Netherlands. Public Understanding of Science, 29(3), 335-352. https://doi.org/10.1177/0963662520908534
Sánchez-Meca, J., & Marín-Martínez, F. (2008). Confidence intervals for the overall effect size in random-effects meta-analysis. Psychological Methods, 13(1), 31–48. https://doi.org/10.1037/1082-989X.13.1.31
*Sayılan, G. (2018). Worldviews and ideological orientations: an integration of polarity theory, dual process model, and moral foundations theory [Doctoral Dissertation, Middle East Technical University] OpenMetu. https://hdl.handle.net/11511/27715
*Sayılan, G., Türkoğlu, B., & Cingöz-Ulu, B. (2020). Keeping my distance: prejudice towards transwomen and its socio-political and moral predictors. Psychology & Sexuality, 11(1-2), 135-149. https://doi.org/10.1080/19419899.2019.1686055
Schwartz, S. (2006). A Theory of Cultural Value Orientations: Explication and Applications. Comparative Sociology, 5(2-3), 137-182. https://doi.org/10.1163/156913306778667357
Schwartz, S. (2008). The 7 Schwartz cultural value orientation scores for 80 countries. [Data set]. ResearchGate. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/304715744_The_7_Schwartz_cultural_value_orientation_scores_for_80_countries
*Šķupele, I. (2011). Uzskatos par labu un ļaunu cilvēku novērojamās kopīgāks realitātes saistība ar ideoloģisko orientāciju un morāles pamatu nozīmīgumu [Shared reality in beliefs about a good and evil person, political ideology and the importance of moral foundation] [Doctoral dissertation, University of Latvia] DSpace. http://dspace.lu.lv/dspace/handle/7/4686
Soeters, J. L. (1996). Culture and Conflict: An Application of Hofstede’s Theory to the Conflict in the Former Yugoslavia. Peace and Conflict: Journal of Peace Psychology, 2(3), 233–244. https://doi.org/10.1207/s15327949pac0203_4
Swedlow, B. (2008). Beyond liberal and conservative: Two-dimensional conceptions of ideology and the structure of political attitudes and values. Journal of Political Ideologies, 13(2), 157-180. https://doi.org/10.1080/13569310802075969
Tepe, S. (2014). The perils of polarization and religious parties: The democratic challenges of political fragmentation in Israel and Turkey. In L. Ozzano & F. Cavatorta (Eds.) Religiously Oriented Parties and Democratization (pp. 33-58). Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315773766
*Trups-Kalne, I. (2014). Sociālā konservatīvisma skalas latviešu valodā izveide un validitātes pārbaude [Construction and validation of social conservativism scale in Latvian]. Psiholoģija, 801, 7–34. https://dspace.lu.lv/dspace/bitstream/handle/7/28391/LU_Raksti-801_psihologija.pdf
Ubaid, A. H., & Subandi, H. H. (2023). Political Polarization based on Religious Identities: Empirical Evidence from the 2017 Jakarta Gubernatorial Election. Jurnal Studi Pemerintahan, 8(4), 411–441. https://doi.org/10.18196/jgp.2017.0054.411-441
*Vainio, A., & Mäkiniemi, J. P. (2016). How are moral foundations associated with climate-friendly consumption? Journal of Agricultural and Environmental Ethics, 29(2), 265-283. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10806-016-9601-3
*Vecina, M. L. (2014). The Five Moral Foundations Sacredness Scale in men in court-mandated treatment for violently abusing their partners. Personality and individual differences, 64, 46-51. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2014.02.021
Viechtbauer, W. (2010). Conducting meta-analyses in R with the metafor package. Journal of statistical software, 36(3), 1-48. https://doi.org/10.18637/jss.v036.i03
Viechtbauer, W., & Cheung, M. W. L. (2010). Outlier and influence diagnostics for meta‐analysis. Research synthesis methods, 1(2), 112-125. https://doi.org/10.1002/jrsm.11
*White, C. J. M., & Norenzayan, A. (2022). Karma and God: Convergent and divergent mental representations of supernatural norm enforcement. Psychology of Religion and Spirituality, 14(1), 70–85. https://doi.org/10.1037/rel0000436
Wilson, D. B. (2005). Meta-analysis macros for SAS, SPSS, and Stata. http://mason.gmu.edu/~dwilsonb/archive/spss_macros.zip
*Yalçındağ, B., Özkan, T., Cesur, S., Yilmaz, O., Tepe, B., Piyale, Z. E., Biten, A. F., & Sunar, D. (2019). An investigation of moral foundations theory in Turkey using different measures. Current Psychology, 38, 440–457. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12144-017-9618-4
*Yilmaz, O., Harma, M., Bahçekapili, H. G., & Cesur, S. (2016). Validation of the moral foundations questionnaire in Turkey and its relation to cultural schemas of individualism and collectivism. Personality and Individual Differences, 99, 149-154. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2016.04.090
Downloads
Publicado
Como Citar
Edição
Seção
Licença
Este trabalho está licenciado sob uma licença Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
